Erving Goffman Stigma - 6568 Words

Goodman †¢ CoGnitive enhanCement, CheatinG, and aCComplishment Rob Goodman Cognitive Enhancement, Cheating, and Accomplishment ABSTRACT. An ethics of enhancement should not rest on blanket judgments; it should ask us to distinguish between the kinds of activities we want to enhance. Both students and academics have turned to cognition-enhancing drugs in significant numbers—but is their enhancement a form of cheating? The answer should hinge on whether the activity subject to enhancement is zero-sum or non-zero-sum, and whether one is more concerned with excellence in process or excellence in outcome. Cognitive enhancement should be especially tolerated when the activities at stake are non-zero-sum and when the importance of process†¦show more content†¦I argue that the use of CEDs is especially beneficial, and should be especially tolerated, when the activities at stake are non-zero-sum and when the importance of process is outweighed by the importance of outcome. Finally, I criticize the claim that CEDs unnaturally cheapen human accomplishments; instead, I consider their use to be in line wi th well-established conceptions of collaborative authorship, which shift the locus of praise and blame from individual creators to the ultimate products of their efforts. CHARACTERISTICS AND USE OF COgNITION-ENHANCINg DRUgS Among the most common CEDs are modafinil, methylphenidate, and dextroamphetamine, which are available under the brand names Provigil, [ 146 ] Goodman †¢ CoGnitive enhanCement, CheatinG, and aCComplishment Ritalin, and Adderall, respectively. Although originally developed to treat diagnosed conditions ranging from narcolepsy to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, their off-label use has been reported to increase users’ recall, attention span, and ability to focus on cognitive tasks; in addition, modafinil has been shown to increase wakefulness (Butcher 2003; greely et al. 2008). Some CEDs also seem to enhance users’ â€Å"executive function,† or problem-solving ability (Mehlman 2004, p. 484). Beyond the currently available drugs, research into Alzheimer’s disease and other causes of cognitive decline in the elderly is likely to contribute, intentionally or not, to the furtherShow MoreRelated Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity, by Erving Goffman2120 Words   |  9 PagesThe book I chose to do my paper on is â€Å"Stigma Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity† by Erving Goffman. Goffman was stood out from other sociologists because he did not follow the normal rules that the others lived by. This rebellion often was thought to be caused by his lack of professional manners, and made it difficult for some to be in his company. However, Goffman was not like other sociologists due to his love was data not simply sociology. He primarily exhibited his work via essays andRead MoreGoffman s Theory Of Social Stigma Essay1097 Words   |  5 PagesTheoretical Framework Erving Goffman’s theory of social stigma (1963) will be used as a guideline for the thesis and will act as a basis for further research on personal and perceived depression stigma. Stigma is a deeply discrediting attribute which has a strong relationship to stereotype (Goffman, 1963) Goffman defines stigma as a gap between â€Å"virtual social identity and actual social identity† and states that stigmata are bodily signs which deviate from the norm (Goffman, 1963). According to himRead MoreGoffmans Theory on Total Institutions1714 Words   |  7 PagesRunning Head: ERVIN GOFFMAN Goffmans Theory Elaine Tyler SOC 101: Introduction to Sociology Instructor: Jeremy Baker July 8, 2013 ERVIN GOFFMAN Goffmans Theory on Total Institutions We interact with a variety of people on a regular basis who influence our behavior but who are not family or friends. Many of these people we encounter because of their roles within particular social institutions with which we interact. They are part of our secondary group members; their opinionsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Dallas Buyers Club1427 Words   |  6 PagesErving Goffman maintained that negative labels are often stigmatizing. He believed that stigmas result in a â€Å"spoiled identity.† Goffman coined the term stigma to describe the labels society uses to devalue members of certain social groups (pg. 107). He identified three categories or types of stigmas: abominations of the body, blemishes of individual character, and tribal. When a person became aware of a certain stigma they had been labeled to, Goffman noted three ways to manage it: hide the stigmaRead MoreHIV-Related Stigma Essay772 Words   |  4 Pages(PLWH) worldwide (WHO, 2017). HIV-related stigma co ntinues to be a major concern for PLWH in the United States and overseas (Baugher et al., 2017; Bogart et al., 2008; Herek, Capitanio, Widaman, 2002; X. Li, Wang, Williams, He, 2009; Odindo Mwanthi, 2008) with more than 50% of men and women reporting discriminatory attitudes toward PLWH among countries with data available (UNAIDS, 2015). This is particularly disconcerting given that HIV-related stigma has shown to be associated with negativeRead MoreBeing A Stigmatized Person By Sociologist Erving Goffman Essay916 Words   |  4 PagesThe idea of stigma and what it is like to be a stigmatized person was conducted by sociologist Erving Goffman. He analyzed how stigmatized individuals feel about themselves and their relationships with people that are considered â€Å"normal†. Stigmatized individuals are people who are not socially accepted and are constantly eager to alter their social identifies: physically deformed people, mentally ill patients, drug addicts, homosexuals, etc. Goffman looks at variety of strategies when it comesRead MoreGoffman s Dramaturgical Perspective : An Influential American Socialist Of The Twentieth Century1444 Words   |  6 PagesFor Erving Goffman and the Symbolic Interactionists generally, a self is not so much a singular and fixed entity as a contingent response to a social context. (i) Discuss this statement with particular reference to Goffman’s dramaturgical perspective, and (ii) Explain how this perspective helps us to understand embarrassment. Introduction Erving Goffman is considered the most influential American Socialist of the twentieth century. His ability to observe individuals and make sense of those observationsRead MoreThe Sociology Of Health And Mental Illness3181 Words   |  13 Pagesï ¿ ¼John Goulder (13005053) MBBS SSC Year 2: Library Project Dissertation Supervisor: Professor Paul Higgs Submitted: Tuesday, 13 January 2015 A Tale of Two Asylums: Reviewing the context and influences of two theorists, Michel Foucault and Erving Goffman, on the sociology of health and mental illness. Word count: 3,132 John Goulder! 1 ï ¿ ¼Introduction: Mental Health as Disparate Social Object Antipsychiatry was as much a cultural phenomenon as an academic or institutional one. Whilst the work of LaingRead MoreWhistling Vivaldi : How Stereotypes Affect People1309 Words   |  6 Pagesfight stereotype threat. Fighting this battle requires Staples to seem whiter and therefore cultured. Erving Goffman’s ideas intersect with Steele’s belief that you carry your race with you to social interactions. However, unlike Steele Goffman doesn’t believe race can change within interactions. Goffman’s â€Å"The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life† speculates at the way we present ourselves. Goffman believes that social interactions are kind of like an act. We seek to pleasure the audience and whoRead MoreEffect And Relationship Between Agenda Setting And News Framing Essay1301 Words   |  6 Pages16). McCombs and Shaw expanded Lippmann’s idea into a formalised theory of agenda setting within the news media (McCombs Shaw, 1972). Erving Goffman established framing within his influential work Frame Analysis. Erving’s key argument is individuals organising themselves and experiences within a framework true to the primary source of their perspective. Goffman further argued that framing was a form of communication between both the natural and social spheres as â€Å"certainly, such efforts are optimistic